Day: April 17, 2019

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Insecticide-Coated Solar-Powered Lamp: Initial Research

https://www.malariaconsortium.org/pages/110.htm

(“Malaria Consortium – Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets,” n.d.)

  • LLINs treated in the factory
  • insecticide lasts at least 20 washes (lab tested)
  • lasts 3 years in the field
  • current LLIN frontrunners use the following key ingredients:
    • 2% permethrin (used by Olyset Net)
    • deltamethrin (used by PermaNet)
    • alphacypermenthrin (Interceptor)

 

http://www.mosquitoworld.net/mosquito-control/insecticide/

(“Mosquito Insecticide,” n.d.)

  • 2 popular insecticides:
    • Malathion
      • organophosphate
      • often used to treat crops against wide variety of insects
      • sprayed directly on vegetation or as a fog treatment on yard (5% solution)
      • poses no threats to humans or wildlife in these amounts
    • Permethrin
      • pyrethroid
      • synthetic for of natural insecticide found in chrysanthemum flowers
      • applied as a mist (mixed with oil or water)
      • not harmful to humans or animals in small amounts
      • toxic to fish and bees
    • both kill mosquitoes by disrupting their CNSs
    • both work for several days but break down over time, especially in rain
  • repeated use can lead to insecticide resistance in mosquito populations

 

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30427-6/fulltext

(Protopopoff et al., 2018)

  • Actellic 300CS by Syngenta of Switzerland is effective for up to 10 months when used for indoor residual spraying
    • organophosphate pirimipohs-methyl

 

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/scs/chimia/2016/00000070/00000010/art00008?crawler=true

(Hoppé, Hueter, Bywater, Wege, & Maienfisch, 2016)

  • VERY USEFUL STUDY ON AGROCHEMICALS FOR VECTOR CONTROL
  • intended for pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes after IRS (indoor residual spraying)
  • results in at least 9 months of control vs. 3 months from current pyrethroid alternatives

 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150609092805.htm

(“Light trap lures more mosquitoes, fewer bugs you don’t need to kill,” n.d.)

  • blacklight traps are most effective at trapping mosquitoes and simultaneously capturing the fewest “non-target insects”
  • (study published in Florida Entomologist)

“Black lights produce a light that is considerably more attractive to insects,” Kaufman said. “Humans cannot see ‘UV,’ so what we are really seeing in a ‘black light’ or bug zapper light are the wavelengths that don’t quite make it to the UV spectrum. Insects, however, see it quite clearly, and many like it.
“The light traps essentially catch anything that is small enough to get sucked in when they get close to the mouth at the top of the trap,” he said.

 

http://www.mosquitoworld.net/mosquito-control/traps/

(“Mosquito Traps,” n.d.)

  • “…just one or two of these ingenious devices can kill thousands of mosquitoes and all but wipe out a local population”
  • many traps use a combination of lighting displays and artificial smells to attract mosquitoes
  • mosquitoes detect C02, octenol, and other chemical odors
  • Mosquito Magnet and Skeetervac burn propane for power and to release C02.
  • certain species respond in different ways
    • Asian tiger mosquito (transmits dengue!) is a daytime biter; more responsive to visual attractants
  • “can take as much as two months to kill enough female mosquitoes to collapse local mosquito populations”
  • according to university study, Mega-Catch Ultra mosquito trap outperformed competitors
    • $900!!!

 

http://npic.orst.edu/pest/mosquito/mosqcides.html

(“Pesticides Used in Mosquito Control,” n.d.)

  • larvicides – applied directly to water to control mosquito larvae
  • adulticides – used in fogging and spraying to control adult mosquitoes
  • synergists – not toxic to mosquitoes themselves but make adulticides more effective
  • resmethrin
    • “In the soil, resmethrin has a half-life of 30 days and is primarily broken down by sunlight. Resmethrin does not mix well with water and binds tightly to the soil, so resmethrin will not be likely to move through the soil. These characteristics make it unlikely for resmethrin to get into groundwater. Resmethrin does not significantly evaporate into the air from the surface of soil or water.

      Researchers applied resmethrin to surfaces exposed to sunlight and observed a half-life of 20-90 minutes. When researchers studied resmethrin indoors, resmethrin broke down within a few hours from exposure to natural sunlight.

      Resmethrin is not toxic to plants. Researchers applied resmethrin to tomato and lettuce plants and found that 55 to 82% of resmethrin was broken down within 2 hours. No resmethrin remained on the plants after 5 days.” (“Pesticides Used in Mosquito Control,” n.d.)

  • permethrin – LIKELY CARCINOGEN according to US EPA

 

http://www.vdci.net/blog/mosquito-surveillance-traps-are-they-all-the-same

(The VDCI Team, 2017)

  • BG-Sentinel Trap
    • for Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti
    • made of a tarp-like material, size of 5-gallon bucket
    • utilizes an attractant such as Octenol lure, human scent lure, or CO2
    • funnel at the top leads mosquitoes to an electric fan (battery powered) that pulls them into a collection net
  • CDC Light Trap
    • powered by a 6V battery with a motorized fan and mosquito collection cup
    • portable
    • accompanied by a small light and CO2 bait source
    • drawn in at the top, forced downward by the fan into the inescapable collection net
    • better for nighttime-active species

References

Hoppé, M., Hueter, O. F., Bywater, A., Wege, P., & Maienfisch, P. (2016). Evaluation of Commercial Agrochemicals as New Tools for Malaria Vector Control. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 70(10), 721–729. https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2016.721

Light trap lures more mosquitoes, fewer bugs you don’t need to kill. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from ScienceDaily website: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150609092805.htm

Malaria Consortium – Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.malariaconsortium.org:443/pages/110.htm

Mosquito Insecticide. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Mosquito World website: http://www.mosquitoworld.net/mosquito-control/insecticide/

Mosquito Traps. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Mosquito World website: http://www.mosquitoworld.net/mosquito-control/traps/

PermaNet is the leading long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.vestergaard.com/our-products/permanet

Pesticides Used in Mosquito Control. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from http://npic.orst.edu/pest/mosquito/mosqcides.html

Protopopoff, N., Mosha, J. F., Lukole, E., Charlwood, J. D., Wright, A., Mwalimu, C. D., … Rowland, M. (2018). Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: a cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial. The Lancet, 391(10130), 1577–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30427-6

The VDCI Team. (2017, February 23). Mosquito Surveillance Traps: Are They All The Same? Retrieved April 17, 2019, from http://www.vdci.net/blog/mosquito-surveillance-traps-are-they-all-the-same

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Prevention Research

https://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf

  • use an EPA-registered insect repellent (safe and effective, even from pregnant and breastfeeding women)
    • reapply every few hours, per instructions
    • don’t spray on skin under clothes
    • apply sunscreen first, then insect repellent
    • no OLE or PMD on children under 3
    • key ingredients
      • DEET
      • Picaridin (AKA KBR 3023 and icaridin)
      • IR3535
      • Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE)
      • Para-menthane-diol (PMD)
      • 2-undecanone
  • wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
    • permethrin-treated clothes protect after multiple washings
  • wear light colors
  • wear shoes/foot protection (mosquitoes are attracted to skin odor)
  • use window/door screens or a mosquito bed net
  • biting habits of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: primarily daytime, sometimes at night

https://bestlifeonline.com/avoid-mosquito-bites/

  • basil is toxic to mosquito larvae
  • burning thyme is 85-90% effective at repelling mosquitoes
  • use fans

 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetically-engineered-mosquitoes/

  • genetically engineered mosquitoes have been released in the Cayman Islands, Malaysia, and Brazil to counteract dengue
  • developed by Oxitec
  • targeting Dengue because it is only 1 subspecies of mosquito

References

CDC. (n.d.). Mosquito Bite Prevention (United States) [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf

CDC. (2018, March 19). Mosquito Bites. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: http://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/

Genetically Engineered…Mosquitoes? (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Scientific American website: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetically-engineered-mosquitoes/

BestLifeOnline.com (2018, May 9). 20 Genius Tricks to Avoid Getting Bitten by Mosquitos. Retrieved April 17, 2019, from Best Life website: https://bestlifeonline.com/avoid-mosquito-bites/

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Existing Prevention Mechanisms

What prevention methods are already in place?

  • WHO
    • In 2016 the World Health Organizations created a national 5-year strategic plan.
    • Key elements of the plan included:
    • “strengthening the integrated surveillance system;
    • expanding the electronic diseases early warning system;
    • supporting the entomological surveillance system in high risk areas;
    • implementing additional campaigns to control the vector by insecticide spraying;
    • deploying additional human resources to the affected governorates;
    • training physicians on clinical management of dengue and intensifying health education among population.”
      Image illustrating insecticide spraying in Yemen
  • WHO Health Clusters
    • According to the 2017 Yemen annual report, these WHO health clusters are “international organizations (INGOs), national non- governmental organizations (NNGOs), affected communities, specialized agencies, academic and training institutes, and UN agencies” (page 12)
    • In 2017 they gave “it facilitated the transportation of 1.5 million bed nets to 76 districts in Yemen.” And also “WHO supported the implementation of an indoor residual spraying campaign which provides protection to 1.3 million people against malaria.” (page 38)

        • Some of their achievements include:
          • health contingency plans prepared for different scenarios such as crises in the north and south, political conflict and non-displaced populations
          • standardized package prepared for primary health care services
          • standardized package prepared for reproductive health, with reporting indicators
          • implementation of the standardized disease reporting formats
        • They also have through “international procurement… emergency health kits, trauma kits and diarrhea disease kits, and local procurement of other urgently needed lifesaving supplies”.
        • These cluster are very useful as they already have areas where can use to access these areas of need. Moreover, since they use grassroots organizations we can move from one controlled government to another.
        • the Dengue vaccine
          • Approved for use in Brazil, Mexico, El Salvador, and the Philippines, with more countries planning to introduce it shortly.
          • “The World Health Organization is still analyzing data concerning the vaccine’s safety, efficacy, dose scheduling, and cost-effectiveness. Trials for this vaccine have shown that it has lower efficacy rates for DENV-1 and DENV-2 serotypes. The vaccine is only available to people living in Dengue endemic areas. There are currently no plans to make it available to travelers.”
      • These clusters are important as they are grassroots movements (when they use people from the community as basis for economic and political movement) and volunteers

Where can we focus?

The coast should be our main concentration as that is where most people live, where there is the highest vulnerability as well as the highest concentration of health facilities.

Where does the money come from?

  • WHO has a lot of donors who specifically helps give aid to Yemen
  • Donors: http://www.emro.who.int/yem/donors/
  • If create a partnership with the WHO we can gain access to these donors to create our solution.

Methods to repel mosquitoes

Obvious ways to repel mosquitoes?

      

 

References

Bart Knols: 3 new ways to kill mosquitoes | TED Talk. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.ted.com/talks/bart_knols_cheese_dogs_and_pills_to_end_malaria/transcript?language=en

Dengue: Innovative solutions to a global health issue | IAMAT. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.iamat.org/blog/dengue-innovative-solutions-to-a-global-health-issue/

The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes | AMNH. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/young-naturalist-awards/winning-essays2/2009-winning-essays/the-effectiveness-of-botanical-extracts-as-repellents-against-aedes-aegypti-mosquitoes

WHO EMRO | Donors | Yemen. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from http://www.emro.who.int/yem/donors/

WHO EMRO | Emergency preparedness and humanitarian action | Programmes | Yemen. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from http://www.emro.who.int/yem/programmes/emergency-humanitarian-action.html

WHO EMRO | WHO develops national strategy for dengue prevention and control | Yemen-news | Yemen. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2019, from http://www.emro.who.int/yem/yemen-news/who-develops-national-strategy-for-dengue-prevention-and-control.html

Yemen: Dengue | IAMAT. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2019, from https://www.iamat.org/country/yemen/risk/dengue