Open Water Containers and Mosquitoes

The following cdc is written in regard to zika, mosquitoes, and standing water. I found it was helpful for background knowledge, but also for targeting sanitation problems and what systems could be built to distribute safe water. https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2016/03/zikaandwater/

  • Some of the most important points:
    • Open Containers with standing water need to be scrubbed at least weekly as mosquitoes’ larvae will attach to the sides of the dishes, they can survive without water around them for up to 8 months, and they will hatch in standing water and mature into a mosquito in the course of a week. As a result, just emptying the water will not stop the larvae from hatching and maturing and later infecting inhabitants with dengue, in the case of Yemen.
    • What papers mean by distribution of safe water:
      • If community-wide distribution systems are built, pluming systems, then it decreases the need to store water close to the home and around their homes. Thus decreasing the number of mosquitoes as water is not being stored near areas where people live.
    • Sanitation
      • When water is contaminated with organic matter it increase the amount of mosquito larvae and if it will increase. Sanitation depts. And wastewater treatment plants remove the organic waste, treating water with chlorine and other disinfectants which can decrease mosquito presence.
      • WASH protocol is critical to promote health.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/vectorcontrolsheetdengue.pdf
  • Semi-helpful:

Indoor Air Pollution and Correlation to Mosquitoes

 

  • One of the potential problems that my group has hypothesized is the matter of indoor air pollution and it’s potential correlation with mosquitoes. Domestic use of biomass fuels increases the amount of indoor air pollution in a household and structure, it also increases the heat of the structure. As a result, we hypothesized that the warmer climate in the house would attract mosquitoes, which thus increases the potential of any inhabitants to be infected with dengue. However, the article written by Biran, Smith, Lines, Ensink, and Cameron focuses on repellent effect of smoke on mosquitoes, specifically carrying malaria. Although this article regard malaria-infected mosquitoes. It can still be used to display the possibility of the indoor air pollution actually decreasing the risk of being stung by mosquitoes as the smoke, and later smog, that is in the house actually acts as a natural repellent to mosquitoes. In fact, the article also reviews literature speaking of “house ventilation and mosquito entry” and shows that “ [an] increased indoor mosquito density was noted”.
  • Although the smoke may act as a natural repellent to the mosquitoes, this does not discredit or minimize the health concerns created by indoor air pollution.
  • Citation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17888474

 

Sanitation Conditions in Yemen

Yemen has been suffering from a decade of civil war. Environmental pollution, shortage of clean water, electricity power outage, and Dengue disease strikes Yemen population. Thousands of people have been diagnosed with Dengue fever in Southern Yemen, where fighting has raged for months between Shi-ite  rebels and their opponents, International Organizations and health officials said last Thursday.The top health ministry official in the southern port city of Aden, Al-Khadr al-Aswar, told The Association Press that at lease 5,000 people have been diagnosed with the mosquito-borne virus disease, Dengue fever. He said that mounts of uncollected garbage in towns and cities, along with untreated sewage and heat, have contributed to the spread of the Dengue Fever disease. Poor sanitation conditions resulting from inadequate clean up technology and resources to clean up garbages, dirts, sewages, and stagnant filthy water in cities, towns and villages have contributed to the outbreak of the Dengue fever disease. Shortage of clean drinking water in the country enables many citizens to rely on drinking water sources from untreated irrigation systems. Unsafe and poor management of sanitation system in Yemen has contributed to mass environmental air and water pollution and poor health conditions. According to the Minister of health in Yemen, “The sanitation conditions in Yemen is severely bad and it will take a long period of time for the country to improve it.”—–WHO Report.

Sources:

Burki, Talha. 2016. Yemen’s neglected health and humanitarian crisis. The Lancet,, london. 387(10020); 734–735.

 

Water Storage Infrastructure in Yemen

Climate of Yemen can be described as subtropical dry, hot desert climate with low annual rainfall so collecting water is very important. However, the poor infrastructure can lead to dengue fever as mosquitoes gather by the water and will in turn spread dengue fever to those near the water source.

According to Shadoul et al. (2015), dengue fever occurs during seasonal patterns with high number of cases occurring between April and August. Furthermore, they also claim that “storing water in open containers in households due to water shortages and insecurity was identified as a contributing factor to this increase.” (Shadoul & Taha, 2015).

It is important to note that due to ongoing war with Saudi Arabia and the United States, there are reduced health services and a “breakdown in safe water supply and sanitation services” which has further increased the spread of dengue fever. (Shadoul & Taha, 2015)

Due to this war infrastructure is getting destroyed and people do not have a choice but to store water in their home. For example, according to a statement by UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta H. Fore in 2018, “escalation in the targeting of systems and facilities that are essential to sustaining the lives of children and families…. warehouse containing humanitarian provisions, including hygiene and water-related supplies, was hit by two air strikes.” (Fore, 2018)

Thus, we need to find a way to stop the spread of the mosquitoes rather than build better water system at a time of such great instability.

Sources:

Shadoul, A., Taha, A. (2015). Yemen Conflict Report. WHO. Retrieved from http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/yemen/WHO_Yemen_sitrep_no8_7_June_2015.pdf

Fore, H. H. (2018). Drinking water systems under repeated continuous attack in Yemen. UN Children’s Fund. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/drinking-water-systems-under-repeated-continuous-attack-yemen-enar

04/08-04/14 Update

Want to see our updates all in one spot? Click here.

Tasks Remaining for Wednesday Meeting:

  • none!

Tasks Remaining for Monday Meeting:

  • All members – research existing available prevention mechanisms (both in Yemen and internationally)

Tasks Completed:

  • finalize WordPress theme selection
  • finish constructing website layout
  • add all group members as site admins
  • Taye – post task list and decision matrix to Blackboard Discussion Board
  • Danielle – write summary explaining reasoning behind problem selection
  • Danielle – upload all posts/research to website
  • Franklin – research existing preventative measures in Yemen
  • Danielle – update References page
  • Leila – research current organizations that are assisting Yemen with Dengue control and what areas they are focused in
  • Taye – research history of Dengue and present status of Yemen
  • Leila – submit Checkpoint 1 on Blackboard by 04/10/19 @ 2:30 PM

Upcoming Deadlines:

  • Checkpoint 1 due Wednesday, April 10th at 2:30 PM

04/01-04/07 Update

Want to see our updates all in one spot? Click here.

Tasks Remaining:

  • none!

Tasks Completed:

  • Set up onMason accounts, webpage, and CATME accounts
  • Completed CATME introductory assignment
  • Submitted webpage link to Blackboard: www.destroyingdengue.onmason.com
  • Set up initial website layout
  • Leila – research existing water infrastructure present in Yemen See post
  • Franklin – research current sanitation practices in Yemen See post
  • Taye – research open water storage containers See post
  • Taye – research indoor climate situation in Yemen See post
  • Danielle – research existing mosquito-bite prevention technology in Yemen See post
  • Danielle – post everyone’s research/findings to website
  • Danielle – update references section

 

Upcoming Deadlines:

  • Checkpoint 1 due Wednesday, April 10th at 2:30 PM See post here